Medical-Surgical Nursing

Traumatic brain injury (TBI). The pathophysiology of a TBI, including the primary AND secondary injury that occurs with a TBI. The signs/symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of a TBI. The nursing care and teaching for a patient with a traumatic brain injury, along with the complications of a TBI. These complications include: brain herniation, hemorrhage/hematoma (epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, intracerebral hemorrhage), hydrocephalus, and SIADH.

A stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA). The pathophysiology, risk factors, signs/symptoms (including left vs. Right-sided stroke symptoms), diagnosis, treatment of a stroke. Nursing care for a patient with a stroke.

The following topics: Multiple Sclerosis (MG), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS), and Myasthenia Gravis (MG). The pathophysiology, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing care for each of these conditions.

Spinal cord injury (SCI). The pathophysiology, signs/symptoms, treatment and nursing care associated with a spinal cord injury. The difference between paraplegia and quadriplegia, as well as the difference between hypertonia and hypotonia. Two key complications of a spinal cord injury: neurogenic shock and autonomic dysreflexia.

Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease. The pathophysiology, signs/symptoms, treatment, and nursing care associated with Parkinson's disease. The pathophysiology, risk factors, stages, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, nursing care, and home safety interventions for Alzheimer's disease. Finally, the pathophysiology, signs/symptoms, and treatment of Huntington's disease.

Meningitis. The pathophysiology, risk factors, prevention, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing care associated with meningitis.

Seizures. Coverage includes pathophysiology, risk factors, triggers, types of seizures (tonic clonic, absence, myoclonic, atonic), diagnosis, treatment, and nursing care associated with seizures. Status epilepticus, a life-threatening seizure disorder.

The pathophysiology, risk factors, triggers, signs/symptoms, treatment, and nursing care associated with migraine headaches. The pathophysiology, signs/symptoms, and treatment for cluster headaches.

The following nervous system diagnostic tests: cerebral angiogram, electroencephalogram (EEG), intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring, lumbar puncture, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). What is involved in the procedure and indications for these tests. The pre and post-procedure nursing care for several of these procedures.

Anatomy and physiology review of the nervous system. The basic anatomy of the eye, including the layers and structures found in the eye. The path of light waves through the eye. The basic anatomy of the ear, including the structures found in the ear. How sound waves travel in the ear, are converted to vibrations, and then to electrical impulses.

Anatomy and physiology review of the nervous system. The spinal cord, meninges (including the layers of the meninges), and cerebral spinal fluid. The spaces between the layers of the meninges (epidural space, subdural space, and subarachnoid space). The components of the autonomic nervous system, including the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. The effects of activation of each of these systems.

Anatomy and physiology review of the Nervous system. The functions and components of the cerebrum, including coverage of the 4 lobes in the brain (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal). The functions of the cerebellum and brain stem.

Welcome to the introduction of our Nervous System playlist, which follows along with our Medical Surgical Nursing flashcards. Here, we'll cover the functions and components of the nervous system, including more detail on neurons, including the function of afferent and efferent neurons.

The following acid-base imbalances: respiratory alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, and metabolic acidosis. The causes, signs/symptoms, and treatment of each of these disorders.

Electrolytes and electrolyte imbalances. The causes, signs/symptoms, and treatment of hypernatremia, hyponatremia, hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, hypermagnesemia, and hypomagnesemia.

The risk factors, signs/symptoms, labs, treatment, and nursing care associated with fluid volume deficit and fluid volume excess.

The types of blood products and infusion times for each of these products. Best practices for blood transfusions and the different types of blood transfusion reactions (mild allergic, anaphylactic, febrile, septic, acute hemolytic, and circulatory overload). The nursing care of blood transfusion reactions in general, along with specific interventions for the different types of reactions.

Polycythemia, including the pathophysiology, signs/symptoms, labs/diagnosis, and treatment of this condition. The following coagulation disorders: hemophilia, immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

The pathophysiology of anemia and discusses the following causes/types of anemia: blood loss, iron-deficiency anemia, vitamin deficiency anemia, aplastic anemia, and hemolytic anemia. The signs/symptoms and treatment of anemia. More detailed coverage of sickle cell anemia, including the pathophysiology, risk factors, signs/symptoms, types of crises, treatment, nursing care, and patient teaching for sickle cell anemia.

A myocardial infarction, including the pathophysiology, signs/symptoms, labs, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing care associated with an MI. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) procedures.

Angina, including the pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and patient teaching associated with angina. The difference in symptoms between angina and myocardial infarction.

Shock, including the following types of shock: hypovolemic shock, cardiogenic shock, obstructive shock, distributive shock (septic shock, neurogenic shock, anaphylactic shock). The signs/symptoms, labs, treatment, and nursing care for shock.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). The pathophysiology, risk factors, signs/symptoms, labs, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing care of a DVT and PE. Venous insufficiency and varicose veins.

Buerger's disease and Raynaud's, including Raynaud's disease and Raynaud's phenomenon. The pathophysiology, risk factors, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and patient teaching associated with these conditions.

Aneurysms, including an abdominal aortic aneurysms and a thoracic aortic aneurysm. The pathophysiology, risk factors, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, nursing care, and patient teaching associated with aneurysms.

The pathophysiology, risk factors, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and patient teaching associated with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Nursing care and complications associated with a peripheral bypass graft.

The pathophysiology, risk factors, signs and symptoms, labs, diagnosis, treatment, nursing care, and patient teaching associated with atherosclerosis and hypertension.

The pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and nursing care associated with pericarditis, cardiac tamponade, and cardiomyopathy.

Pathophysiology, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of valvular heart disease, infective endocarditis, and rheumatic carditis.

The pathophysiology of heart failure, the signs and symptoms of left-sided and right-sided heart failure, labs, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing care associated with heart failure.

Electrical and chemical cardioversion, as well as nursing care for a patient receiving cardioversion. Pacemakers, including types of pacing, pacemaker modes, post-op nursing care, and patient teaching regarding pacemakers

Sinus dysrhythmias (sinus tachycardia, sinus bradycardia, and sinus arrhythmia), including the causes and treatment of these dysrhythmias. Atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and aystole. Finally, atrioventricular blocks, including: first degree AV block, second degree type 1 AV block, second degree type 2 AV block, and third degree AV block.

Diagnostic procedures associated with the Cardiovascular system, including: electrocardiography (EKG), echocardiogram, transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE), and hemodynamic monitoring. Coverage of a coronary angiogram (or "cardiac cath"), including pre-procedure and post-procedure nursing care.

Diagnostic tests associated with the Cardiovascular system. This includes cardiac enzymes (CK-MB, myoglobin, troponin T, troponin I), cholesterol (total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, HDL), blood pressure, red blood cells (RBCs), platelets, hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit (Hct), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), INR, d-dimer, and hBNP.

Anatomy and Physiology review with focus on the hematologic system. The blood components, including plasma and formed elements. A high-level overview of the steps involved in hemostasis (blood clotting). Primary and secondary hemostasis, along with clotting pathways (intrinsic, extrinsic, and common pathway).

The steps in the heart's conduction system. Components of the cardiac cycle, including diastole and systole. Stroke volume, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), preload, afterload, and blood pressure (including systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure).

An introduction to the Medical Surgical nursing Cardiovascular playlist. Review of the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system. This includes discussion of the components and functions of the cardiovascular system, as well as pericardium, heart wall layers, chambers of the heart, heart valves, and blood flow through the heart.

The purpose of mechanical ventilation and the causes of low pressure and high pressure alarms. Mechanical ventilator settings and best practices for nursing care of a patient on a mechanical ventilator.

The pathophysiology, risk factors, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing care associated with Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and Acute respiratory failure (ARF).

Pleural disorders, including the following: pneumothorax, tension pneumothorax, pleural effusion, and hemothorax. Chest tubes in detail, include an overview of the three chambers (drainage collection chamber, water seal chamber, suction control chamber) and best practices for nursing care of a patient with a chest tube.

The pathophysiology, risk factors, signs/symptoms, labs, diagnosis, treatment, nursing care, and patient teaching associated with a pulmonary embolism (PE).

The pathophysiology, signs/symptoms, labs, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing care of tuberculosis (TB).

The pathophysiology, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of influenza; pneumonia; and upper respiratory tract disorders, including: rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, and tonsillitis.

The pathophysiology, risk factors, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment associated with Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD). The pathophysiology, risk factors, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and nursing care associated with pulmonary hypertension.

Cystic fibrosis, including its pathophysiology, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing care associated with this disorder.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD): the pathophysiology, risk factors, signs/symptoms, labs, diagnosis, treatment, nursing care, and treatment associated with this disorder.

Asthma: its pathophysiology, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and patient teaching. Plus, status asthmaticus, which is a life-threatening complication of asthma.

Nasal cannula, simple face mask, partial rebreather mask, non-rebreather mask, venturi device, and face tent. The average flow rates and nursing considerations for each device. The difference between hypoxemia and hypoxia, and covers the early and late signs of hypoxia. The signs and symptoms of oxygen toxicity. The pathophysiology, risk factors, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of sleep apnea.